31 Security Flaws Expose 99% of x402 Crypto Payments to Theft and Fraud

- Researchers found 31 flaws across 15 facilitators handling 99% of observed x402 payments.
- Confirmed tests exposed free shopping, gas abuse, and a limited ERC-6492 theft path.
- More than $202,000 in fees were tied to x402 settlements across Base and Solana.
A security study has uncovered 31 previously unknown vulnerabilities across 15 facilitators supporting x402 payments. Together, those facilitators handled 99% of observed transactions and 98% of recorded volume.
However, the researchers did not claim that 99% of individual payments were exploited. Instead, the findings show that the tested services connected 60,000 sellers with 360,000 buyers, while every facilitator violated at least one security rule.
Facilitator Flaws Create a Systemwide x402 Security Risk
Notably, x402 adapts the internet’s HTTP 402 “Payment Required” response for websites, APIs, a…
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